Solutions and Mixtures Flashcards
Grade 10 · Science · Flashcards
Core vocabulary and formulas for understanding solution chemistry, concentration, solubility, and colligative properties.
Flashcards
- Solution
- Homogeneous mixture where solute is uniformly distributed in solvent at the molecular level
- Solvent
- The component present in the larger amount that does the dissolving; e.g., water in aqueous solutions
- Solute
- The component present in lesser amount that gets dissolved; can be solid, liquid, or gas
- Solubility
- Maximum grams of solute per 100 g solvent at a given temperature; depends on T, P, and nature of solute/solvent
- Like dissolves like
- Polar solvents dissolve polar/ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes
- Molarity (M)
- M = mol solute / L solution; most common concentration unit in chemistry
- Molality (m)
- m = mol solute / kg solvent; used in colligative property calculations; independent of temperature
- Saturated solution
- Maximum solute dissolved; at equilibrium with undissolved solute
- Supersaturated solution
- More solute than saturation limit; unstable; crystallizes on seeding
- Electrolyte
- Dissolves to form ions; conducts electricity; strong (complete dissociation) or weak (partial)
- Colligative properties
- Boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure — depend on particle count only
- Freezing point depression
- ΔTf = Kf × m × i; i = van't Hoff factor (number of particles per formula unit)
- Osmosis
- Net movement of solvent through semipermeable membrane from dilute to concentrated solution
- Henry's Law
- Gas solubility ∝ partial pressure of gas above solution; C = kH × P
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