Biochemistry: Enzymes, Metabolism, and ATP Flashcards
Grade 12 · Science · Flashcards
Essential biochemistry flashcards on enzymes, ATP, and cellular metabolism for Grade 12 Science.
Flashcards
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- Cell's energy currency; energy released when terminal phosphate bond (ATP → ADP + Pᵢ) is hydrolyzed.
- Enzyme
- Biological catalyst (protein) that lowers activation energy; not consumed in reaction; substrate-specific.
- Active site
- Specific region of enzyme where substrate binds; shape is complementary to substrate.
- Induced fit model
- Enzyme active site adjusts its shape to fit the substrate more snugly; more accurate than lock-and-key.
- Competitive inhibitor
- Molecule that resembles substrate and competes for the active site; effect reduced by high substrate concentration.
- Non-competitive inhibitor
- Binds allosteric site (not active site); changes enzyme shape; cannot be overcome by more substrate.
- Glycolysis
- 10-step pathway in cytoplasm; 1 glucose → 2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP + 2 NADH; anaerobic.
- Krebs cycle
- Cyclic pathway in mitochondrial matrix; 2 turns per glucose; produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 4 CO₂, 2 ATP.
- Electron transport chain
- Series of protein complexes in inner mitochondrial membrane; uses NADH/FADH₂ to pump H⁺; drives ATP synthase.
- ATP synthase
- Enzyme in inner mitochondrial membrane; uses proton gradient (chemiosmosis) to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pᵢ.
- Fermentation
- Anaerobic process; regenerates NAD⁺ without O₂; lactic acid (animals) or ethanol + CO₂ (yeast); net 2 ATP.
- NAD⁺/NADH
- Electron carrier; NAD⁺ (oxidized) accepts electrons → NADH (reduced); transfers electrons to ETC.
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