Genetics and Biotechnology Flashcards
Grade 12 · Science · Flashcards
Essential vocabulary for genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology applications.
Flashcards
- DNA replication
- The semi-conservative process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before division, producing two identical daughter strands.
- Homologous chromosomes
- Chromosome pairs with the same genes at the same loci, one inherited from each parent; they pair during meiosis I.
- Exon
- A protein-coding segment of a gene that is retained in the mature mRNA after splicing.
- Intron
- A non-coding segment of a gene that is transcribed but spliced out of the pre-mRNA before translation.
- Point mutation
- A single nucleotide change in DNA, which may be silent, missense, or nonsense depending on its effect on the amino acid sequence.
- Northern blot
- A technique that detects specific RNA sequences in a sample by hybridization with a labeled probe after gel electrophoresis.
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
- A technique that exponentially amplifies a specific DNA segment through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
- Transgenic organism
- An organism whose genome has been modified by the introduction of a gene from another species.
- Knockout mouse
- A genetically engineered mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated to study its function.
- Linkage map
- A map showing the relative positions of genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies.
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- A model predicting that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces.
- Hybridization
- The base-pairing of complementary single-stranded nucleic acid sequences, used in blotting, FISH, and microarray techniques.
- Stem cell
- An undifferentiated cell capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell types; key to regenerative medicine.
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