Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Grade 12 · Science · Flashcards
Key terms, functional groups, and reaction types for mastering organic chemistry.
Flashcards
- Hydrocarbon
- An organic compound composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Saturated compound
- An organic compound containing only single bonds between carbon atoms (e.g., alkanes).
- Aromatic compound
- A cyclic compound with delocalized pi electrons following Hückel's rule (4n+2 pi electrons), conferring special stability.
- Nucleophile
- An electron-rich species (negative charge or lone pair) that attacks electron-deficient centers in substitution or addition reactions.
- Electrophile
- An electron-deficient species that accepts electrons from a nucleophile during a reaction.
- Leaving group
- An atom or group that departs with the bonding electrons during a substitution or elimination reaction.
- Carbocation
- A positively charged carbon intermediate formed when a leaving group departs; stability increases with more alkyl substituents.
- Stereoisomers
- Molecules with identical connectivity but different spatial arrangements of atoms, including enantiomers and diastereomers.
- Racemic mixture
- An equal mixture of two enantiomers of a chiral compound, showing no net optical rotation.
- Dehydration reaction
- An elimination reaction in which water is removed from an alcohol to form an alkene, typically using concentrated H2SO4 and heat.
- Grignard reagent
- An organomagnesium halide (RMgX) used as a nucleophile to form new C-C bonds in synthesis.
- Peptide bond
- The amide linkage (-CO-NH-) formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another during protein synthesis.
- Hydrolysis
- The cleavage of a bond using water; esters hydrolyze to carboxylic acids and alcohols; amides hydrolyze to carboxylic acids and amines.
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