Industrial Revolution: Global Impact Flashcards
Grade 7 · Social Studies · Flashcards
Key terms, inventors, inventions, and concepts from the Industrial Revolution and its worldwide effects.
Flashcards
- Industrial Revolution
- The transformation from hand production to machine manufacturing that began in Britain c. 1760 and spread globally.
- James Watt
- Scottish inventor whose 1769 improvements to the steam engine made it efficient enough to power factories and transportation.
- steam engine
- Machine that converts steam into mechanical motion; the driving technology of the Industrial Revolution.
- spinning jenny
- Machine invented by James Hargreaves (1764) that could spin multiple threads at once, revolutionizing textile production.
- urbanization
- The movement of populations from rural areas to cities; greatly accelerated by the Industrial Revolution's factory system.
- capitalism
- Economic system based on private ownership, free markets, and profit motive; the dominant system during industrialization.
- proletariat
- The industrial working class who sold their labor to factory owners; grew dramatically during the Industrial Revolution.
- labor union
- Organization of workers who collectively negotiate wages, hours, and working conditions with employers.
- imperialism
- Expansion of national power through colonization; industrialization intensified European imperialism in Africa and Asia.
- laissez-faire
- Economic philosophy that governments should not interfere in markets; prevailed in early industrial Britain.
- Meiji Restoration
- Japan's 1868 modernization movement that led to rapid industrialization, allowing Japan to compete with Western powers.
- child labor
- The use of children as factory and mine workers; common during early industrialization and eventually restricted by reform laws.
- Karl Marx
- German philosopher who analyzed industrial capitalism's inequalities and co-wrote 'The Communist Manifesto' (1848) calling for workers' revolution.
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